A small spontaneous pneumothorax may resolve without treatment; a pneumothorax arising as a result of lung disease or injury requires immediate treatment. Treatment may include insertion of a chest tube or aspiration of the free air in the chest cavity.

Bacterial abscess of the liver is relatively rare; however, it has been described since the time of Hippocrates (400 BCE), with the first published review by Bright appearing in 1936. In 1938, Ochsner's classic review heralded surgical drainage as the definitive therapy; however, despite the more aggressive approach to treatment, the mortality remained at 60-80%. [1] The development of new radiologic techniques, the improvement in microbiologic identification, and the advancement of drainage techniques, as well as improved supportive care, have reduced mortality to 5-30%; yet, the prevalence of liver abscess has remained relatively unchanged. Untreated, this infection remains uniformly fatal.

Hiatal hernias occur when contents of the abdominal cavity protrude through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. Factors that contribute to the development of a hiatal hernia include an enlargement of the esophageal hiatus due to developmental defects, an increased abdominal thoracic pressure gradient, and the depletion of elastic fibers in the phrenoesophageal membrane with aging. There are four different types of hiatal hernias and management varies depending on the type. Type I, also known as a sliding hernia, is a simple displacement of the gastroesophageal junction into the thoracic cavity. The stomach remains in the abdominal cavity. This is the most common type of hiatal hernia, accounting for about 95% of all hiatal hernias. Types II-IV are classified as paraesophageal hernias. Type II occurs when the gastroesophageal junction maintains its position but the gastric fundus herniates through the diaphragmatic hiatus. Type III has both the gastroesophageal junction and the stomach herniate above the diaphragm. When more than 30% of the stomach is herniated into the thoracic cavity, it is termed a “giant” paraesophageal hernia. A patient has a type IV hernia when other organs, such as the colon, in addition to the stomach herniate above the diaphragm.

Mitosis, a process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which one cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells. Strictly applied, the term mitosis is used to describe the duplication and distribution of chromosomes, the structures that carry the genetic information.

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Craniectomy is neurosurgical procedure that involves removing a portion of the skull in order to relieve pressure on the underlying brain. This procedure is typically done in cases where a patient has experienced a very severe brain injury that involves significant amounts of bleeding around the brain or excessive swelling of the brain.

Only about a third of people with lupus get the tell-tale butterfly-shaped rash on their face. What you should know:

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During open-heart valve surgery, the doctor makes a large incision in the chest. Blood is circulated outside of the body through a machine to add oxygen to it (cardiopulmonary bypass or heart-lung machine). The heart may be cooled to slow or stop the heartbeat so that the heart is protected from damage while surgery is done to replace the valve with an artificial valve. The artificial valve might be mechanical (made of man-made substances). Others are made out of animal tissue, often from a pig.

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the elbow is the second most frequently dislocated major joint, after the shoulder. It is the most commonly dislocated joint in children. [1] More than 90% of all elbow dislocations are posterior dislocations. This injury entails disengagement of the coronoid process of the ulna from the trochlea of the humerus with movement posteriorly. [2] The mechanism of injury is typically a fall onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH) with the elbow in extension upon impact.

Laparoscopic postoperative ventral hernial (POVT) repair Laparoscopic surgery, also called minimally invasive surgery (MIS), bandaid surgery,

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New-born baby having a bath

ECMO is used in infants who are sick due to breathing or heart problems. The purpose of ECMO is to provide enough oxygen to the baby while allowing time for the lungs and heart to rest or heal. The most common conditions that may require ECMO are: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) Birth defects of the heart Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) Severe pneumonia Severe air leak problems Severe high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs (PPHN)

Lipomas are slow-growing soft tissue tumours that rarely reach a size larger than 2 cm. Lesions larger than 5 cm, so-called giant lipomas, can occur anywhere in the body but are seldom found in the upper extremities. The authors present their experiences with eight patients having giant lipomas of the upper extremity. In addition, a review of the literature, and a discussion of the appropriate evaluation and management are included.

Kneecap dislocation Email this page to a friend Print Facebook Twitter Google+ Kneecap dislocation occurs when the triangle-shaped bone covering the knee (patella) moves or slides out of place. The problem usually occurs toward the outside of the leg. Causes Kneecap (patella) dislocation is often seen in women. It usually occurs after a sudden change in direction when your leg is planted. This puts your kneecap under stress.

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