Dr. Katherine Scovner from the Division of Nephrology at Massachusetts General Hospital discusses kidney dialysis.

Site enhancement oil, often called "santol" or "synthol" (no relation to the Synthol mouthwash brand), refers to oils injected into muscles to increase the size or change the shape. Some bodybuilders, particularly at the professional level, inject their muscles with such mixtures to mimic the appearance of developed muscle where it may otherwise be disproportionate or lagging. This is known as "fluffing".Synthol is 85% oil, 7.5% lidocaine, and 7.5% alcohol. It is not restricted, and many brands are available on the Internet. The use of injected oil to enhance muscle appearance is common among bodybuilders, despite the fact that synthol can cause pulmonary embolisms, nerve damage, infections, sclerosing lipogranuloma,[60] stroke,[55] and the formation of oil-filled granulomas, cysts or ulcers in the muscle. Rare cases might require surgical intervention to avoid further damage to the muscle and/or to prevent loss of life. Sesame oil is often used in such mixtures, which can cause allergic reactions such as vasculitis.

This video, Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that can affect more than just your joints. In some people, the condition also can damage a wide variety of body systems, including the skin, eyes, lungs, heart and blood vessels. An autoimmune disorder, rheumatoid arthritis occurs when your immune system mistakenly attacks your own body's tissues. Unlike the wear-and-tear damage of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis affects the lining of your joints, causing a painful swelling that can eventually result in bone erosion and joint deformity. The inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis is what can damage other parts of the body as well. While new types of medications have improved treatment options dramatically, severe rheumatoid arthritis can still cause physical disabilities.

Splenectomy surgery video

A ureteroscopy is an examination or procedure using a ureteroscope. A ureteroscope, like a cystoscope, is an instrument for examining the inside of the urinary tract. The urologist can insert small instruments through the cystoscope to treat problems in the urethra and bladder or perform a biopsy. For a ureteroscopy, the urologist passes the ureteroscope through the bladder and into a ureter.

A complete organized library of all my videos, digital slides, pics, & sample pathology reports is available here: https://kikoxp.com/posts/5084 (dermpath) & https://kikoxp.com/posts/5083 (bone/soft tissue sarcoma pathology)

Topics discussed:

Epidermis:
Layers of epidermis: 0:10
Melanocytes vs Keratinocytes: 5:16
Langerhans cells: 10:10 & 33:30 & 57:30

Dermis:
Papillary and reticular dermis: 11:50
Three types of white empty spaces on a slide: vessels, glands/ducts/cysts, or artifact: 15:25
Blood vessels & nerves: 18:24 & 48:50 & 58:59
Arrector pili & other dermal smooth muscle: 20:00

Adnexal:
Sebaceous gland: 21:10
Hair follicle 23:14
Eccrine sweat glands and ducts 24:45 & 50:00
Gland/duct vs blood vessel 27:20 & 48:50
Apocrine glands: this video https://kikoxp.com/posts/7837 (at 12:30)
Acrosyringium: this video https://kikoxp.com/posts/7837 (at 10:00)

Three types of pink bundles: smooth muscle, nerve, dense connective tissue: 27:50

Acral skin (palm sole) with contact dermatitis 29:37
Parakeratosis 30:00
Perivascular lymphocytes 30:40
Eosinophils vs neutrophils 31:20
Spongiosis with desmosome keratinocyte spines 32:10
Spongiotic vesicles with Langerhans cells 33:30
Normal acral skin (palm & sole) with stratum lucidum 34:20
Normal glomus body/apparatus (canal of Sucquet-Hoyer) 35:40
Nerve 36:46 & 51:50
Adipose tissue (white fat cells) in subcutis with Lochkern 37:55
Normal scalp skin with large anagen hair follicles: 39:30
Hair follicle anatomy (bulb/matrix, inner root sheath, outer root sheath, hair shaft, isthmus, infundibulum): 40:55 (labeled images):
https://kikoxp.com/posts/3661 & https://kikoxp.com/posts/7899
Pacinian corpuscle 50:40
Meissner corpuscle 1:02:28

Dense regular connective tissue (Fascia/Tendon/Ligament) vs Smooth Muscle 53:00

Basic Normal Skin Immunohistochemistry:
-cytokeratin in epidermis: 55:33
-S100 in melanocytes and Langerhans cells and adipocytes: 57:30
-Desmin in smooth muscle (arrector pili and blood vessels): 58:59
-CD31 in endothelial cells of blood vessels: 59:33
-SOX-10 in melanocytes: 1:00:40

Digit/Finger/Toe histology (amputation for subungual acral melanoma) 1:04:10 & 1:08:30
-bone 1:05:40
-glomus body 1:05:15
-tendon/ligament 1:06:10
-artery 1:06:58
-fingernail/toenail 1:08:54
-acrosyringium 1:10:45

Solar elastosis (what wrinkles look like microscopically!) 1:11:50

Other videos you might like:
Tendon vs Nerve Histology Made Simple with the Ramen Noodle Sign (of Fulton) video: https://kikoxp.com/posts/4466
Melanocytes vs Keratinocytes made easy video: https://kikoxp.com/posts/3802
Blood Vessel vs Gland vs Artifact Made Easy video: https://kikoxp.com/posts/4808

The basic normal structures of the skin discussed and described by a dermatopathologist. This material is intended for use by medical students, junior pathology or dermatology residents, or for anyone else studying normal human histology. Special thanks to two of my medical students at UAMS for helping make this video possible. Miki Lindsey convinced me that I really needed to sit down and record this video. Akash Patel took time to edit the video and make it ready for YouTube. My sincere thanks to both of them for helping me overcome procrastination.

Huge thanks to Abigail Cline, a medical student at Medical College of Georgia, for volunteering to type a transcript of this ENTIRE video (over 14,000 words!) so that I could provide closed caption subtitles for those with hearing impairments and for those who may need assistance in understanding spoken English (particularly given how quickly I speak!). You can access a text version of her transcript of my video here: https://kikoxp.com/posts/5390

Correction - I made a mistake in the video. I said that sebaceous gland secretions are turned into smelly substances by bacteria and that this makes body odor. That is incorrect. That is actually true of APOCRINE gland secretions not sebaceous secretions.

Also, in the past I used "keratinocyte" and "squamous cell" interchangeably (this is because in dermatopathology, we see and talk about squamous cell carcinomas all the time, and those tumors are composed of keratinocytes). But technically, in normal skin histology, "squamous cell" refers only to the flattened keratinocytes in the superficial epidermis. Thankfully, a histology PhD colleague pointed this out to me and corrected my lazy nomenclature!

Please check out my Soft Tissue Pathology & Dermatopathology survival guide textbooks: http://bit.ly/2Te2haB ‬

This video is geared towards medical students, pathology or dermatology residents, or practicing pathologists or dermatologists. Of course, this video is for educational purposes only and is not formal medical advice or consultation.

Presented by Jerad M. Gardner, MD. Please subscribe to my channel to be notified of new pathology teaching videos.

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The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ. It receives blood from the splenic artery and is the only lymphoid organ that primarily filters blood instead of lymph.

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A hematoma is a collection of blood outside of a blood vessel Some causes of hematomas are as pelvic bone fractures, fingernail injuries (subungual), bumps, passing blood clots, blood clot in the leg (DVT), blood cancers, and excessive alcohol use.

General Physical Examination

Are you a first time would be mom? If yes, then you must be very excited to feel the first movement and kick from your baby. It is undoubtedly the most exciting experience for many expecting moms. It is an indication that there is a little angel growing inside you. There are interesting facts about baby kicks during pregnancy that you need to know.

Uterine rupture is usually when the scar from your previous caesarean section tears open. Though it's uncommon, you should be aware of this risk, particularly if you're thinking about giving birth vaginally next time. It's possible for your scar to gape slightly while you're pregnant (scar dehiscence).

Clinical complete examination of the mouth and throat

Trichomonas is best seen on the Normal Saline slide.These protozoans are about the same size as a white blood cell (a little smaller than a vaginal epithelial cell), but their violent motion is striking and unmistakable.

Splenectomy is a surgical procedure that partially or completely removes the spleen.

The operation of vasectomy

“Complete cure from groin hernia is now possible with Dr.Desarda's repair technique.......” Mesh is a foreign body. Therefore, its use in hernia repairs is known to cause all sorts of complications like pain, recurrence, infection etc. We have developed an innovative new technique of inguinal hernia repair without mesh. It uses your own body muscle for repair and gives virtually complete cure from inguinal hernia problem. An undetached strip of the external oblique aponeurosis is stitched on the weak area between the muscle arch and the inguinal ligament to form a new, strong and physiologically dynamic posterior wall that gives protection and prevents re-herniation. Normally patient goes home in a day after surgery and can drive car and go to office in 3-4 days time. This "Dr.Desarda's hernia repair" is now followed in many countries all over the world. We are surprised to see the enquiries from many patients in the developed countries asking for this repair in their country. This is because this operation does not use any foreign body like mesh for repair and therefore there are no complications that are seen in mesh repairs. A visit to Topix or other hernia forums show thousands of posts showing sufferings of many patients due to mesh repairs. But still why surgeons from developed countries are interested in mesh repairs is a big question for us. Please visit our website for more details: http://herniasurgery.tripod.com Our cell number: +91 9373322178

Clogged leg arteries can be opened through a minimally invasive procedure with the SILVERHAWK, a mini drill with a tiny rotating blade for cutting away plaque. The procedure only involves a tiny puncture in the patient's groin. ~ Detroit Medical Center

Nystagmus is a vision condition in which the eyes make repetitive, uncontrolled movements. These movements often result in reduced vision and depth perception and can affect balance and coordination. These involuntary eye movements can occur from side to side, up and down, or in a circular pattern.

Closed Reduction of Distal Radius Fractures - Discussion: (distal radius fracture menu) - closed reduction & immobilization in plaster cast remains accepted method of treatment for majority of stable distal radius frx; - unstable fractures will often lose reduction in the cast and will slip back to the pre-reduction position; - patients should be examined for carpal tunnel symptoms before and after reduction; - carpal tunnel symptoms that do not resolve following reduction will require carpal tunnel release; - cautions: - The efficacy of closed reduction in displaced distal radius fractures. - Technique: - anesthesia: (see: anesthesia menu) - hematoma block w/ lidocaine; - w/ hematoma block surgeon should look for "flash back" of blood from hematoma, prior to injection; - references: - Regional anesthesia preferable for Colles' fracture. Controlled comparison with local anesthesia. - Neurological complications of dynamic reduction of Colles' fractures without anesthesia compared with traditional manipulation after local infiltration anesthesia. - methods of reduction: - Jones method: involves increasing deformity, applying traction, and immobilizing hand & wrist in reduced position; - placing hand & wrist in too much flexion (Cotton-Loder position) leads to median nerve compression & stiff fingers; - Bohler advocated longitudinal traction followed by extension and realignment; - consider hyper-extending the distal fragment, and then translating it distally (while in extended position) until it can be "hooked over" proximal fragment; - subsequently, the distal fragment can be flexed (or hinged) over the proximal shaft fragment; - closed reduction of distal radius fractures is facilitated by having an assistant provide counter traction (above the elbow) while the surgeon controls the distal fragment w/ both hands (both thumbs over the dorsal surface of the distal fragment); - flouroscopy: - it allows a quick, gentle, and complete reduction; - prepare are by prewrapping the arm w/ sheet cotton and have the plaster or fibroglass ready; - if flouroscopy is not available, then do not pre-wrap the extremity w/ cotton; - it will be necessary to palpate the landmarks (outer shaped of radius, radial styloid, and Lister's tubercle, in order to judge success of reduction; - casting: - generally, the surgeon will use a pre-measured double sugar sugar tong splint, which is 6-8 layers in thickness; - more than 8 layers of plaster can cause full thickness burns: - reference: Setting temperatures of synthetic casts. - position of immobilization - follow up: - radiographs: - repeat radiographs are required weekly for 2-3 weeks to ensure that there is maintenance of the reduction; - a fracture reduction that slips should be considered to be unstable and probably require fixation with (pins, or ex fix ect.) - there is some evidence that remanipulation following fracture displacement in cast is not effective for these fractures; - ultimately, whether or not a patient is satisfied with the results of non operative treatment depends heavily on th