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Easily understand the concepts of SENSITIVITY and SPECIFICITY! These two words can be confusing when you are first learning the basics of biostatistics. -Don't be confused..watch this lecture and understand it once and for all!

A chronic cough is a cough that lasts eight weeks or longer in adults, or four weeks in children. A chronic cough is more than just an annoyance. A chronic cough can interrupt your sleep and leave you feeling exhausted. Severe cases of chronic cough can cause vomiting, lightheadedness and even rib fractures. While it can sometimes be difficult to pinpoint the problem that's triggering a chronic cough, the most common causes are tobacco use, postnasal drip, asthma and acid reflux. Fortunately, chronic cough typically disappears once the underlying problem is treated.

Some of these advancements include the use of robots to perform the surgery and the use of computer mapping scanners and software and even 3D printers to make the artificial knee implant. We are also seeing a lot of different advances being made by the medical device manufacturers.Some of these changes are designed to make the devices more durable than the 10 to 20 years they are currently rated to last. This is important when younger patients who are years away from being considered elderly have a total knee replacement, they will typically need another artificial knee implanted at a later date since they are likely to outlive the implant, which doesn’t always happen with elderly patients.

Chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI) usually results from long-standing atherosclerotic disease of 2 or more mesenteric vessels. [1] Other nonatheromatous causes of CMI include the vasculitides, such as Takayasu arteritis. Symptoms are caused by the gradual reduction in blood flow to the intestine. [2] (See Presentation.) In 1958, Shaw and Maynard described the first thromboendarterectomy of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) for the treatment of both acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) and CMI. Several other surgical procedures have since been attempted, ranging from reimplantation of the visceral branch into the adjacent aorta to using an autogenous vein graft. In 1972, Stoney and Wylie introduced transaortic visceral thromboendarterectomy and aortovisceral bypass, which have proved to be highly effective techniques.

Ischemic colitis occurs when blood flow to part of the large intestine (colon) is reduced, usually due to narrowed or blocked blood vessels (arteries). The diminished blood flow doesn't provide enough oxygen for the cells in your digestive system. Ischemic colitis can cause pain and may damage your colon. Any part of the colon can be affected, but ischemic colitis usually causes pain on the left side of the belly area (abdomen). The condition can be misdiagnosed because it can easily be confused with other digestive problems. Ischemic colitis may heal on its own. But you may need medication to treat ischemic colitis or prevent infection, or you may need surgery if your colon has been damaged. Symptoms ShareTweet Oct. 13, 2015 References Products and Services Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter See also Abdominal pain Colonoscopy Color Blue Detects Colon Cancer CT scan CT scans: Are they safe? Diarrhea Ultrasound Advertisement Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. Advertising & Sponsorship PolicyOpportunitiesAd Choices Mayo Clinic Store Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic. NEW! – The Mayo Clinic Diet, Second Edition Treatment Strategies for Arthritis Mayo Clinic on Better Hearing and Balance Keeping your bones healthy and strong The Mayo Clinic Diet Online Ads by Swoop Psoriasis Treatment www.informationaboutpsoriasis.com Explore a Treatment Option for Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis Immune Biomarker PD-L1 - Discover the Science iobiomarkers.bmsinformation.com Understanding Assay Results for PD-L1 is Crucial for Treatment Decisions. Biomarker PD-L1 Information - Easy to Download Resources iobiomarkers.bmsinformation.com Explore the Role of PD-L1 in Immuno-Oncology & the Evolving Biomarker Landscape.

What combines research opportunities, intellectual challenge, and international collaboration in the study of a disease which affects many organs of the body and all sectors of society? And demands that specialists from many different backgrounds work together to crack sometimes intractable problems? It is, of course, oncology. As a career choice, it's demanding; it takes passion coupled with a willingness to put in the hours and to learn how to discuss death honestly and sensitively. But for the right person, it can be immensely rewarding.

Epstein-Barr is the virus that causes mononucleosis. You might know this disease better by its nickname, "mono." It's also called the "kissing disease" because of one way you can spread it to someone else. Even though Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) isn't a household name, you've probably been infected without knowing it. Lots of people carry the virus but don't get sick

These air sacs make up most of the lung tissue. Lung diseases affecting the alveoli include: Pneumonia: An infection of the alveoli, usually by bacteria. Tuberculosis: A slowly progressive pneumonia caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chronic respiratory diseases are chronic diseases of the airways and other structures of the lung. Some of the most common are: asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, occupational lung diseases and pulmonary hypertension.

Pulmonary fibrosis is a condition in which the tissue deep in your lungs becomes scarred over time. This tissue gets thick and stiff. That makes it hard for you to catch your breath, and your blood may not get enough oxygen. Causes of pulmonary fibrosis include environmental pollutants, some medicines, some connective tissue diseases, and interstitial lung disease. Interstitial lung disease is the name for a large group of diseases that inflame or scar the lungs. In most cases, the cause cannot be found. This is called idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Atherosclerosis is a process in which blood, fats such as cholesterol, and other substances build up on your artery walls. Eventually, deposits called plaques may form. The deposits may narrow — or block — your arteries. These plaques can also rupture, causing a blood clot.

Is Air Travel During Pregnancy Safe? Traveling by air is considered safe for women while they are pregnant; however, the following ideas might make your trip safer and more comfortable. Most airlines allow pregnant women to travel through their eighth month.

Lung cancer starts when cells of the lung become abnormal and begin to grow out of control. As more cancer cells develop, they can form into a tumor and spread to other areas of the body. To learn more about how cancers start and spread

In the United States, end-stage liver disease (ESLD) is the 12th leading cause of death and the 7th leading cause of death in people between the ages of 25 and 64 years. Complications of ESLD such as ascites, variceal hemorrhage, hepatic encephalopathy, and renal impairment primarily account for these deaths. Patients with ESLD require increasingly complex medical support and manifest a spectrum of complications and symptoms that have significant impact on both survival and quality of life.

Kidney transplant surgery carries a risk of significant complications, including: Blood clots Bleeding Leaking from or blockage of the tube (ureter) that links the kidney to the bladder Infection Failure of the donated kidney Rejection of the donated kidney An infection or cancer that can be transmitted with the donated kidney Death, heart attack and stroke

The circulatory system consists of three independent systems that work together: the heart (cardiovascular), lungs (pulmonary), and arteries, veins, coronary and portal vessels (systemic). The system is responsible for the flow of blood, nutrients, oxygen and other gases, and as well as hormones to and from cells

new Anti-Choking Device.

Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is a fertility treatment that involves placing sperm inside a woman's uterus to facilitate fertilization. The goal of IUI is to increase the number of sperm that reach the fallopian tubes and subsequently increase the chance of fertilization

Croup is a common respiratory camera.gif problem in young children. It tends to occur in the fall and winter. Its main symptom is a harsh, barking cough. Croup causes swelling and narrowing in the voice box, windpipe, and breathing tubes that lead to the lungs. This can make it hard for your child to breathe. An attack of croup can be scary, but it is rarely serious. Children usually get better in several days with rest and care at home.

An abscess is a collection of pus. Pus is a thick fluid that usually contains white blood cells, dead tissue and germs (bacteria). The usual cause of an abscess is an infection with bacteria. Certain bacteria are more likely to be 'pus-forming' as they make chemicals (toxins) that can damage the body's tissues.