Safety & Emergency Basics

What is the difference between CPR and using an AED?

CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) is manual: chest compressions — with rescue breaths for those trained — that keep blood moving to the brain and heart when the heart has stopped. An AED (automated external defibrillator) is a device that analyses the heart rhythm and, if it finds a shockable rhythm, delivers a shock to try to restart a normal rhythm. The two are used together: compressions continue while the AED is applied and between its analyses.

What are the signs of anaphylaxis?

Anaphylaxis is a severe, rapid allergic reaction. Warning signs include difficulty breathing or noisy breathing, swelling of the lips, tongue or throat, widespread hives or flushing, dizziness or collapse, and sometimes vomiting or abdominal pain. It is treated as an emergency: call emergency services immediately and follow your local anaphylaxis protocol.

How long should hand hygiene take?

For handwashing with soap and water, public and clinical guidance describes a thorough wash of around 40–60 seconds covering all surfaces of the hands; alcohol hand rub is applied until dry, around 20–30 seconds, when hands are not visibly soiled. The technique — covering palms, backs, between fingers and thumbs — matters as much as the timing.