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-The cremasteric reflex test is considered positive if there is elevation of the testis in response to stroking the upper inner thigh. This reaction is typically absent in testicular torsion and boys under the age of 6 months. Although not completely reliable in older boys and adults, an absent cremasteric reflex is highly suggestive of torsion. Patients with epididymitis usually have a normal cremasteric reflex, with pain and swelling isolated to

This educational video presents circumcision — the surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis — showing how the procedure is performed and the anatomical structures involved. Shared for medical and surgical education. Educational only — not medical advice.

This video demonstrates how blackheads on the nose are removed. Blackheads form when pores become clogged with oil and dead skin cells exposed to the air, and the recording shows the extraction process used to clear them in a clinical setting. They are one of the most common skin complaints seen in dermatology practice.

This clinical-skills video demonstrates chest tube insertion, a procedure in which a tube is placed through the chest wall to drain air or fluid from around the lung. The recording shows the main steps of the procedure as it is performed in clinical practice. Chest drains are used in emergency and surgical care.

This childbirth video shows a water birth, in which labor and delivery take place in a tub of warm water. The recording presents the delivery as an educational record of this method of giving birth, which some mothers choose for comfort and relaxation during labor. Water birth is offered in many midwifery-led units.

This is the incredible moment a new-born baby arrived still inside its amniotic sac, completely intact. The tiny infant can be seen moving and stretching still inside the sac, as medics prepare to snip the new born free. The amniotic sac is a thin but durable membrane filled with fluid which helps keep a baby warm and safe from bumps during pregnancy. When it breaks, this is typically referred to as a woman's 'waters breaking' shortly before she gives birth. But in rare cases, less than 1-in-80,000 births, the baby is delivered with the membranes still intact and this is known as a 'caul birth'. Some babies are born with part of the membrane still attached to them, but to be born completely encased in the intact membrane is incredibly rare. Many people still believe the phenomenon to be a good omen for the child's infancy and it is has even been suggested, but not proven, that caul babies will always have a natural affinity for water. The video was taken in Spain on Saturday and captures the rare moment the baby was born with the membrane covering its entire body, just minutes after its twin was delivered normally.

This video shows the removal of a navel stone, a hardened buildup of material that can collect deep inside the belly button. The recording documents the cleaning and extraction in a clinical setting, restoring the navel to a clean state. Such buildups form gradually from skin cells, oils, and debris.

This childbirth video shows a midline episiotomy, a surgical incision made in the perineum during delivery to widen the birth opening. The short recording presents the procedure in a clinical, educational context, as it is performed at the end of labor. Episiotomy is performed when the birth needs assistance.

Breast augmentation is a surgical procedure to enhance the size and shape of a woman's breasts for a number of reasons: To enhance the body contour of a woman who, for personal reasons, feels her breast size is too small To restore breast volume lost due to weight loss or following pregnancy To achieve better symmetry when breasts are moderately disproportionate in size and shape To improve the shape of breasts that are sagging or have lost firmness, often used with a breast lift procedure. By inserting an implant behind each breast, surgeons are able to increase a woman's bustline by one or more bra cup sizes.

This dermatology video shows the extraction of a large facial pimple in a clinical setting. The recording documents how the lesion is opened and cleared. Pimples develop when a pore becomes blocked with oil and dead skin cells. Large inflamed spots are best treated professionally to reduce the risk of scarring.

This ophthalmology video records a LASIK eye surgery in which difficulties occurred during the procedure. The recording is presented for medical education, showing the operation as it unfolded in the operating room. LASIK is a laser procedure used to correct common vision problems such as short-sightedness.

Occiput or cephalic — the baby's head is down, and the baby is facing the mother's abdomen. This position results in back pain and a prolonged labor. Transverse — the baby is lying crosswise in the uterus, side-to-side over the mother's pelvis, in a horizontal position rather than vertical.

The thyroid is a butterfly shaped gland overlying the voice box and the windpipe. Adjacent to the thyroid are the parathyroid glands which control the body's calcium and the recurrent laryngeal nerves that control the voice box muscles. The thyroid is removed while preserving the recurrent laryngeal nerves and the parathyroids.

This gynecology video demonstrates the insertion of a Foley catheter in a female patient. The recording shows the sterile technique used to place an indwelling urinary catheter, a routine procedure in nursing, surgical, and hospital care. Catheter placement is a core practical skill for healthcare staff.

Sex reassignment surgery for male-to-female involves reshaping the male genitals into a form with the appearance of, and, as far as possible, the function of female genitalia. Prior to any surgeries, patients usually undergo hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and, depending on the age at which HRT begins, facial hair removal. There are associated surgeries patients may elect to, including facial feminization surgery, breast augmentation, and various other procedures

A craniotomy is the surgical removal of part of the bone from the skull to expose the brain. Specialized tools are used to remove the section of bone called the bone flap. The bone flap is temporarily removed, then replaced after the brain surgery has been done.

This clinical-skills video demonstrates how spinal anaesthesia is performed. The recording shows the technique used to deliver anaesthetic into the fluid around the spinal cord, numbing the lower body so surgery can take place without general anaesthesia. Spinal anaesthesia is widely used for operations on the lower body and legs.

Identify the anatomy and explain the physiology of the scrotum on diagrams and sonograms.

Describe and demonstrate the protocol for sonographic scanning of the scrotum.

Identify and describe sonographic images of congenital abnormalities of the scrotum.

Identify and describe sonographic images of pathologies of the scrotum.

Identify and describe sonographic images of extratesticular disease processes.

Identify the anatomy and explain the physiology of the prostate on diagrams and sonograms.

Describe and demonstrate the protocol for transabdominal and endorectal sonographic scanning of the prostate.

Identify and describe sonographic images of benign and malignant pathologies of the prostate, including benign hyperplasia, prostatitis, carcinoma, and calculi.

Explain the technique for prostate biopsy.

Define the criteria for an ultrasound appearance of prostate tumor staging.

Explain the technique for radiation seed implantation.

Explain the Patient Privacy Rule (HIPAA) and Patient Safety Act (see reference).

A hernia occurs when an organ or fatty tissue squeezes through a weak spot in a surrounding muscle or connective tissue called fascia. The most common types of hernia are inguinal (inner groin), incisional (resulting from an incision), femoral (outer groin), umbilical (belly button), and hiatal (upper stomach).

This surgical video shows a cesarean delivery, the operation in which a baby is delivered through incisions in the mother's abdomen and uterus. The recording documents the procedure in the operating room, presented for medical education. Cesarean delivery is one of the most common operations worldwide.