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Normal Skin Histology - Explained by a Dermatopathologist DrPhil 86 Views • 2 years ago

A complete organized library of all my videos, digital slides, pics, & sample pathology reports is available here: https://kikoxp.com/posts/5084 (dermpath) & https://kikoxp.com/posts/5083 (bone/soft tissue sarcoma pathology)

Topics discussed:

Epidermis:
Layers of epidermis: 0:10
Melanocytes vs Keratinocytes: 5:16
Langerhans cells: 10:10 & 33:30 & 57:30

Dermis:
Papillary and reticular dermis: 11:50
Three types of white empty spaces on a slide: vessels, glands/ducts/cysts, or artifact: 15:25
Blood vessels & nerves: 18:24 & 48:50 & 58:59
Arrector pili & other dermal smooth muscle: 20:00

Adnexal:
Sebaceous gland: 21:10
Hair follicle 23:14
Eccrine sweat glands and ducts 24:45 & 50:00
Gland/duct vs blood vessel 27:20 & 48:50
Apocrine glands: this video https://kikoxp.com/posts/7837 (at 12:30)
Acrosyringium: this video https://kikoxp.com/posts/7837 (at 10:00)

Three types of pink bundles: smooth muscle, nerve, dense connective tissue: 27:50

Acral skin (palm sole) with contact dermatitis 29:37
Parakeratosis 30:00
Perivascular lymphocytes 30:40
Eosinophils vs neutrophils 31:20
Spongiosis with desmosome keratinocyte spines 32:10
Spongiotic vesicles with Langerhans cells 33:30
Normal acral skin (palm & sole) with stratum lucidum 34:20
Normal glomus body/apparatus (canal of Sucquet-Hoyer) 35:40
Nerve 36:46 & 51:50
Adipose tissue (white fat cells) in subcutis with Lochkern 37:55
Normal scalp skin with large anagen hair follicles: 39:30
Hair follicle anatomy (bulb/matrix, inner root sheath, outer root sheath, hair shaft, isthmus, infundibulum): 40:55 (labeled images):
https://kikoxp.com/posts/3661 & https://kikoxp.com/posts/7899
Pacinian corpuscle 50:40
Meissner corpuscle 1:02:28

Dense regular connective tissue (Fascia/Tendon/Ligament) vs Smooth Muscle 53:00

Basic Normal Skin Immunohistochemistry:
-cytokeratin in epidermis: 55:33
-S100 in melanocytes and Langerhans cells and adipocytes: 57:30
-Desmin in smooth muscle (arrector pili and blood vessels): 58:59
-CD31 in endothelial cells of blood vessels: 59:33
-SOX-10 in melanocytes: 1:00:40

Digit/Finger/Toe histology (amputation for subungual acral melanoma) 1:04:10 & 1:08:30
-bone 1:05:40
-glomus body 1:05:15
-tendon/ligament 1:06:10
-artery 1:06:58
-fingernail/toenail 1:08:54
-acrosyringium 1:10:45

Solar elastosis (what wrinkles look like microscopically!) 1:11:50

Other videos you might like:
Tendon vs Nerve Histology Made Simple with the Ramen Noodle Sign (of Fulton) video: https://kikoxp.com/posts/4466
Melanocytes vs Keratinocytes made easy video: https://kikoxp.com/posts/3802
Blood Vessel vs Gland vs Artifact Made Easy video: https://kikoxp.com/posts/4808

The basic normal structures of the skin discussed and described by a dermatopathologist. This material is intended for use by medical students, junior pathology or dermatology residents, or for anyone else studying normal human histology. Special thanks to two of my medical students at UAMS for helping make this video possible. Miki Lindsey convinced me that I really needed to sit down and record this video. Akash Patel took time to edit the video and make it ready for YouTube. My sincere thanks to both of them for helping me overcome procrastination.

Huge thanks to Abigail Cline, a medical student at Medical College of Georgia, for volunteering to type a transcript of this ENTIRE video (over 14,000 words!) so that I could provide closed caption subtitles for those with hearing impairments and for those who may need assistance in understanding spoken English (particularly given how quickly I speak!). You can access a text version of her transcript of my video here: https://kikoxp.com/posts/5390

Correction - I made a mistake in the video. I said that sebaceous gland secretions are turned into smelly substances by bacteria and that this makes body odor. That is incorrect. That is actually true of APOCRINE gland secretions not sebaceous secretions.

Also, in the past I used "keratinocyte" and "squamous cell" interchangeably (this is because in dermatopathology, we see and talk about squamous cell carcinomas all the time, and those tumors are composed of keratinocytes). But technically, in normal skin histology, "squamous cell" refers only to the flattened keratinocytes in the superficial epidermis. Thankfully, a histology PhD colleague pointed this out to me and corrected my lazy nomenclature!

Please check out my Soft Tissue Pathology & Dermatopathology survival guide textbooks: http://bit.ly/2Te2haB ‬

This video is geared towards medical students, pathology or dermatology residents, or practicing pathologists or dermatologists. Of course, this video is for educational purposes only and is not formal medical advice or consultation.

Presented by Jerad M. Gardner, MD. Please subscribe to my channel to be notified of new pathology teaching videos.

Follow me on:
Snapchat: JMGardnerMD
Twitter: @JMGardnerMD
Instagram: @JMGardnerMD
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/JMGardnerMD/

Help with Histology DrPhil 45 Views • 2 years ago

How to approach histology for Human Anatomy students. Using a key will help get you through it! Add some penguin fairy dust will help too!

Please note: I mis-spoke and said "striated" instead of "stratified epithelium" a couple of times... apologies!

There are lots of histology keys out there, but the one I showed in the video is here: http://www.penguinprof.com/upl....oads/8/4/3/1/8431323

Want more?
Subscribe: http://www.youtube.com/user/ThePenguinProf
FB Page: https://www.facebook.com/ThePenguinProf
Twitter: https://twitter.com/penguinprof
Web: http://www.penguinprof.com/

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Details:

Tissue in the human body:

Epithelial: Is made of cells arranged in a continuous sheet with one or more layers, has apical & basal surfaces.

A basement membrane is the attachment between the basal surface of the cell & the underlying connective tissue.

Two types of epithelial tissues: (1) Covering & lining epithelia and (2) Glandular Epithelium.

The number of cell layers & the shape of the cells in the top layer can classify epithelium.

Simple Epithelium - one cell layer
Stratified epithelium - two or more cell layers
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium - When cells of an epithelial tissue are all anchored to the basement Membrane but not all cells reach the apical surface.
Glandular Epithelium -- (1) Endocrine: Release hormones directly into the blood stream and (2) Exocrine - Secrete into ducts.

Connective: contains many different cell types including: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and adipocytes. Connective Tissue Matrix is made of two materials: ground substance - proteins and polysaccharides, fiber -- reticular, collagen and elastic.

Classification of Connective Tissue:
Loose Connective - fibers & many cell types in gelatinous matrix, found in skin, & surrounding blood vessels, nerves, and organs.
Dense Connective - Bundles of parallel collagen fibers& fibroblasts, found in tendons& ligaments.
Cartilage - Cartilage is made of collagen & elastin fibers embedded in a matrix glycoprotein & cells called chondrocytes, which was found in small spaces.
Cartilage has three subtypes:
Hyaline cartilage -- Weakest, most abundant type, Found at end of long bones, & structures like the ear and nose,
Elastic cartilage- maintains shape, branching elastic fibers distinguish it from hyaline and
Fibrous Cartilage - Strongest type, has dense collagen & little matrix, found in pelvis, skull & vertebral discs.

Muscle: is divided into 3 categories, skeletal, cardiac and smooth.
Skeletal Muscle -- voluntary, striated, striations perpendicular to the muscle fibers and it is mainly found attached to bones.
Cardiac Muscle -- involuntary, striated, branched and has intercalated discs
Smooth Muscle -- involuntary, nonstriated, spindle shaped and is found in blood vessels & the GI tract.

Nervous: Consists of only two cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) & peripheral nervous system (PNS):
Neurons - Cells that convert stimuli into electrical impulses to the brain, and Neuroglia -- supportive cells.
Neurons -- are made up of cell body, axon and dendrites. There are 3 types of neurons:
Motor Neuron -- carry impulses from CNS to muscles and glands,
Interneuron - interpret input from sensory neurons and end responses to motor neurons
Sensory Neuron -- receive information from environment and transmit to CNS.
Neuroglia -- is made up of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia in the CNS, and schwann cells and satellite cells in the PNS.

Basic histological staining methods (preview) - Human Histology | Kenhub DrPhil 83 Views • 2 years ago

In order to be able to look at tissues under a microscope, we need to first stain them with the right technique. Learn the main staining techniques used in histology today on our full video: https://khub.me/aux9w

Oh, are you struggling with learning anatomy? We created the ★ Ultimate Anatomy Study Guide ★ to help you kick some gluteus maximus in any topic. Completely free. Download yours today: https://khub.me/e0th1

As you probably know, histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues. So we use staining methods to visualize and distinguish the different parts of cells and tissues since cells and their structures are usually transparent or colorless. The types of dyes used to color cells and their components can either be specific to particular structures, chemical groups or even molecules, and it can also be non-specific in which case most of the cell is stained in the same way.

When staining tissue samples, dyes that are used are either acidic or basic or a combination of the two. And why is that, you might be asking. Well, cellular structures such as nucleic acids or proteins have charged groups which are known as phosphate groups or carboxyl groups, just to name a couple. The dyes used in histology are colored organic compounds which also have a charge. Acidic dyes carry a negative charge and so they bind to positively-charged cell structures.

In the full version of this tutorial, we will cover some of the most common types of dyes used in histological staining of cells and their structures:
- basic dyes vs acidic dyes vs neutral dyes;
- hematoxylin and eosin;
- PAS - staining;
- Golgi method;
- Toluidine blue;
- Masson's trichrome;
- Osmium tetroxide;

To master this topic, click on the link and carry on watching the full video (available to Premium members): https://khub.me/aux9w !

Want to test your knowledge on the different types of cells and tissues? Take this quiz: https://khub.me/3g19f

Read more on how to interpret different histological sections on this complete article which goes through the different stains used in histology https://khub.me/saimh

For more engaging video tutorials, interactive quizzes, articles and an atlas of Human anatomy and histology, go to https://khub.me/pkvz2

Histology of Dentin DrPhil 84 Views • 2 years ago

The dentin is a hard tissue that forms the bulk of the tooth. It is similar to bone but is slightly harder, although softer than enamel. The dentin has numerous dentinal tubules that run across its length. Each dentinal tubule houses the cytoplasmic process of an odontoblast (odontoblastic process).
📄Notes for the video: https://www.hackdentistry.com/....bundles/revision-nin

💻Website: https://www.hackdentistry.com/
📰Blog: https://hackdentistry.substack.com/

Study resources on our website-
📖Oral pathology Revision Ninja (Notes, Videos & MCQs): https://www.hackdentistry.com/bundles/oral-pathology-revision-ninja
📖Oral Histology Revision Ninja (Notes, Videos & MCQs): https://www.hackdentistry.com/....bundles/revision-nin
📖Periodontics Revision Ninja (Notes & MCQs): https://www.hackdentistry.com/bundles/perio-rn
📖Question Bank: https://www.hackdentistry.com/bundles/question-bank
📖Access all content: https://www.hackdentistry.com/bundles/all-access-premium

References and further reading:
💡Berkovitz BKB, Hollan GR, Moxham BJ. Oral Anatomy, Histology and Embryology. 4th ed. Mosby Elsevier; 2009.
💡Nanci A. Tencate’s Oral Histology. Development, Structure and Function. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2013.
💡Kumar GS. Orban’s Oral Histology and Embryology.13th ed. Elsevier; 2011.
💡Avery JK. Oral development and Histology. 3rd ed. Thieme Medical Publishers; 2002.

Log in to https://www.hackdentistry.com and get access to:
I) Numerous Notes/Cheatsheets and Videos II) Thousands of quiz questions from our vast Question Bank!

HackDentistry is an edtech company that aims make learning dentistry fun,engaging and light hearted.
1) It focuses on helping students understand and retain core concepts in dentistry through highly visual sketch/whiteboard style video animations.
2) The platform helps improve exam performance by providing Revision Bundles and allowing students to test themselves using thousands of Practice Questions from a vast Question Bank. (multiple choice format).
3) It also provides for a community platform where students can come together, and engage with fellow dental students and dentists across the globe!

Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/hackdentistry

Instagram:
https://www.instagram.com/hack.dentistry/

Twitter:
https://twitter.com/hckdentistry

Muscle Tissues and Sliding Filament Model DrPhil 198 Views • 2 years ago

Join the Amoeba Sisters a they explore different muscle tissues and then focus on the sliding filament theory in skeletal muscle! This video also briefly talks about muscle naming, some vocabulary (such as agonists and antagonists) before focusing on the sliding filament model. Video also mentions general roles of tropomyosin and troponin.
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Table of Contents:
00:00 Intro
0:39 Muscle Tissue Types
1:58 Muscle Characteristics
2:33 Skeletal Muscle Naming and Arrangement
3:26 Actin Myosin and Sarcomere
4:32 Sliding Filament Model
6:55 Tropomyosin an Troponin
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Factual References:

Betts, J. Gordon, et al. “10.3 Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation - Anatomy and Physiology 2e | OpenStax.” Openstax.org, 20 Apr. 2022, openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/10-3-muscle-fiber-contraction-and-relaxation.

Urry, Lisa A, et al. Campbell Biology. 11th ed., New York, Ny, Pearson Education, Inc, 2017.
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Further Reading Recommendations:

What about I and A bands? What actually initiates the power stroke? How does calcium get released and from where? Remember, there is a lot more detail! We recommend this page from Openstax to learn more:
https://openstax.org/books/bio....logy-2e/pages/38-4-m

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The Amoeba Sisters videos demystify science with humor and relevance. The videos center on Pinky's certification and experience in teaching biology at the high school level. Amoeba Sisters videos only cover concepts that Pinky is certified to teach, and they focus on her specialty: secondary life science. Learn more about our videos here: https://www.amoebasisters.com/our-videos

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Want to learn tips for viewing edu YouTube videos including changing the speed, language, viewing the transcript, etc? https://www.amoebasisters.com/....pinkys-ed-tech-favor

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End music in this video is listed free to use/no attribution required from the YouTube audio library.

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We gladly accept subtitle translations from our community. Learn more here: https://www.amoebasisters.com/....pinkys-ed-tech-favor We want to thank our amazing community for the generosity of their time in continuing to create translated subtitles.

We also have videos dubbed in Spanish and Portuguese using an artificial voice via https://aloud.area120.google.com to increase accessibility. See our Amoeba Sisters en Español channel https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UC1Njo3LBy53cOPngz and Amoeba Sisters em Português https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCYTQPX2X_mXe0ZMPi

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