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Lupus Treatment | Causes Of Lupus Flares

Carotid Stenosis and what it means. The detection and treatment of carotid artery disease for the prevention of stroke is one of the most effective treatments in all of medicine.

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Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is a minimally invasive procedure to open up blocked coronary arteries, allowing blood to circulate unobstructed to the heart muscle.

This video describes the effects of heart disease and explains how stents are used to treat damaged arteries.

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Lipid-Lowering Agents HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) These agents inhibit the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis by competitively inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase. Note the following: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) reduction of 25%-60% Examples include Atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin Contraindications include hypersensitivity, active liver disease, pregnancy, lactation, coadministration with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (selected statins) Vitamin B3 Vitamin B3 inhibits very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) synthesis. Note the following: LDL reduction of 10% High-density lipoprotein (HDL) increase of 20% Example includes Niacin (nicotinic acid) Contraindications include hypersensitivity, liver disease, active peptic ulcer, severe hypotension, arterial bleeding Fibrates Fibrates enhance lipoprotein lipase, resulting in increased VLDL catabolism, fatty acid oxidation, and triglycerides elimination. They decrease hepatic extraction of free fatty acids. Note the following: LDL reduction of 15% Triglyceride reduction of 35% Examples include Gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, fenofibrate (micronized), fenofibric acid Contraindications include active liver disease, renal disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, gallbladder disease 2-Azetidiones These agents inhibit sterol transporter at brush border and, consequently, intestinal absorption of cholesterol. LDL reduction of 15% Example includes Ezetimibe Contraindications include hypersensitivity, coadministration with statins (if active liver disease) Bile acid sequestrants These agents lower cholesterol and LDL via bile duct sequestration. Note the following: LDL reduction of 15% Examples include Cholestyramine, colesevelam, colestipol Contraindications include biliary/bowel obstruction, serum triglycerides >300-500 mg/dL, history of hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis

Clonidine lowers blood pressure by decreasing the levels of certain chemicals in your blood. This allows your blood vessels to relax and your heart to beat more slowly and easily. The Catapres brand of clonidine is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). The Kapvay brand is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Clonidine is sometimes given with other medications

Acute kidney failure — also called acute renal failure or acute kidney injury — develops rapidly over a few hours or a few days. Acute kidney failure is most common in people who are already hospitalized, particularly in critically ill people who need intensive care. Acute kidney failure can be fatal and requires intensive treatment. However, acute kidney failure may be reversible. If you're otherwise in good health, you may recover normal or nearly normal kidney function

Understand the adrenal gland with a focus on the adrenal cortex with this clear explanation .

Understand Chest CT (Computed Tomography) scans with this clear explanation

This is video 1 of 2 on diabetic ketoacidosis (pathophysiology and signs of diabetic ketoacidosis / DKA):

A chronic cough is a cough that lasts eight weeks or longer in adults, or four weeks in children. A chronic cough is more than just an annoyance. A chronic cough can interrupt your sleep and leave you feeling exhausted. Severe cases of chronic cough can cause vomiting, lightheadedness and even rib fractures. While it can sometimes be difficult to pinpoint the problem that's triggering a chronic cough, the most common causes are tobacco use, postnasal drip, asthma and acid reflux. Fortunately, chronic cough typically disappears once the underlying problem is treated.

LICHTENSTEIN TENSION FREE HERNIOPLASTY FOR INDIRECT INGUINAL HERNIA

A spermatocelectomy is surgery to remove a spermatocele. A spermatocele is a cyst (sac of fluid) that contains sperm. It forms inside your scrotum on the outside of your testicle. The cyst is most often attached to your epididymis. The epididymis is a tube that stores sperm.

Surgery. A procedure to remove an epididymal cyst is carried out under general anaesthetic and involves removing the cysts through a small incision in your scrotum that is sealed with dissolvable stitches.

The needle should pass through the tissue at a perpendiculaPlace the tips of the left-hand forceps on the underside of the tissue at the point where the needle will enter, and gently push the edge upward. With the right hand, bring the needle into contact with the tissue, and press downward. These movements create eversion. Pass the needle through. Do not grab the tissue with your left hand forceps since it will damage the intima. If needed, you can pick up adventitia or a nearby suture to help with exposure and eversion. r.The needle must pass through the other side at a perpendicular, too. Bring the tip of the needle to the place where you intend to bring it out on the other side. Put the tip of your left-hand forceps on the upper surface of the tissue at the intended exit point. Press down with the left-hand forceps and push up with the needle to give you the correct eversion. The width of the bite should be about three times the thickness of the needle. The bites on both sides must be equal, and the needle should cross exactly in a straight line (not diagonally). Pull the needle through the tissue following the curve of the needle

Simple microinstruments and a medical school laboratory microscope were used for anastomosis training. Chicken blood vessels were used as a material for this study. A long segment of blood vessel from the proximal brachial artery to the distal radial artery was used for training. End-to-side anastomosis was practiced first, and the training continued with end-to-end anastomosis of the appropriate segments.

A circulatory anastomosis is a connection (an anastomosis) between two blood vessels, such as between arteries (arterio-arterial anastomosis), between veins (veno-venous anastomosis) or between an artery and a vein (arterio-venous anastomosis). An end artery (or terminal artery) is an artery that is the only supply of oxygenated blood to a portion of tissue. Examples of an end artery include the splenic artery that supplies the spleen and the renal artery that supplies the kidneys.