Myelomeningocele remains the most complex congenital malformation of the central nervous system that is compatible with life. This lesion results when the neural tube fails to fold normally during postovulatory Days 21 to 27.[6] The exact cause of disorders remains under some historical debate and is not within the scope of this paper. Myelomeningocele within the context of this discussion refers only to lesions that involve an open caudal neural tube defect on the surface of the skin

Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues. There are many types of anemia. Pernicious anemia is a decrease in red blood cells that occurs when the intestines cannot properly absorb vitamin B12.

Bipolar disorder, formerly called manic depression, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (less extreme than mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy or unusually irritable. These mood swings can affect sleep, energy, activity, judgment, behavior and the ability to think clearly. Episodes of mood swings may occur rarely or multiple times a year. While most people will experience some emotional symptoms between episodes, some may not experience any. Although bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, you can manage your mood swings and other symptoms by following a treatment plan. In most cases, bipolar disorder is treated with medications and psychological counseling (psychotherapy).

The most detailed explanation you'll ever hear on what makes some people's feet stink. (Not yours, obviously.)

When anxiety takes hold, these steps can help you regain control.

Posterior dislocations with associated fractures, also known as complex posterior dislocations, often require open reduction and fixation (ORIF). These dislocations are often associated with significant ligamentous injury. In some cases, complex posterior elbow dislocations may be managed with closed reduction. Posterior elbow dislocations that are neglected, as is not uncommon in developing countries, can often be effectively treated with open reduction. [9] Delayed vascular compromise is an important complication after reduction. All patients should be observed for a period of approximately 2-3 hours after reduction. If no evidence of vascular compromise arises, patients can be sent home with appropriate follow-up and instructions to watch for further problems.

During open-heart valve surgery, the doctor makes a large incision in the chest. Blood is circulated outside of the body through a machine to add oxygen to it (cardiopulmonary bypass or heart-lung machine). The heart may be cooled to slow or stop the heartbeat so that the heart is protected from damage while surgery is done to replace the valve with an artificial valve. The artificial valve might be mechanical (made of man-made substances). Others are made out of animal tissue, often from a pig.

RLS can make it hard or impossible for you to get enough sleep. Try these home remedies:

Carpal tunnel release is a surgery used to treat and potentially heal the painful condition known as carpal tunnel syndrome. Doctors used to think that carpal tunnel syndrome was caused by an overuse injury or a repetitive motion performed by the wrist or hand, often at work. They now know that it’s most likely a congenital predisposition (something that runs in families) – some people simply have smaller carpal tunnels than others. Carpal tunnel syndrome can also be caused by injury, such as a sprain or fracture, or repetitive use of a vibrating tool. It's also been linked to pregnancy, diabetes, thyroid disease, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Live Surgery: Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP) Finger Tendon Repair

The biceps muscle is located in the front of your upper arm. It is attached to the bones of the shoulder and elbow by tendons — strong cords of fibrous tissue that attach muscles to bones. Tears of the biceps tendon at the elbow are uncommon. They are most often caused by a sudden injury and tend to result in greater arm weakness than injuries to the biceps tendon at the shoulder. Once torn, the biceps tendon at the elbow will not grow back to the bone and heal. Other arm muscles make it possible to bend the elbow fairly well without the biceps tendon. However, they cannot fulfill all the functions of the elbow, especially the motion of rotating the forearm from palm down to palm up. This motion is called supination. To return arm strength to near normal levels, surgery to repair the torn tendon is usually recommended. However, nonsurgical treatment is a reasonable option for patients who may not require full arm function.

A reconstructive transplant, also called a composite tissue transplant or composite tissue allograft, is an operation that involves transplantation of bone, tissue, muscle and blood vessels. A reconstructive hand transplant is an operation tailored to each patient’s individual needs, type of injury and anatomy. This transplants an upper extremity, usually at the level of the forearm and wrist, but sometimes above the elbow, to help restore function after the loss of a hand or arm.

Flexor Tendon Repair

Reconstructive surgery is performed to treat structures of the body affected aesthetically or functionally by congenital defects, developmental abnormalities, trauma, infection, tumors or disease. It is generally done to improve function and ability, but may also be performed to achieve a more typical appearance of the affected structure. Reconstructive surgery is generally covered by most health insurance policies, although coverage for specific procedures and levels of coverage may vary greatly.

A case of replantation of a completely amputated arm

3D printing a titanium vertebrae

Pulling teeth with no numbing and bleeding

Bariatric surgical procedures cause weight loss by restricting the amount of food the stomach can hold, causing malabsorption of nutrients, or by a combination of both gastric restriction and malabsorption. Bariatric procedures also often cause hormonal changes. Most weight loss surgeries today are performed using minimally invasive techniques (laparoscopic surgery). The most common bariatric surgery procedures are gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, adjustable gastric band, and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. Each surgery has its own advantages and disadvantages.

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy is used to treat kidney stones

In caring for patients who are critically ill, access to the central venous circulation is important. Central venous access allows the placement of various types of intravenous (IV) lines to facilitate the infusion of fluids, blood products, and drugs and to obtain blood for laboratory analysis. It is also an essential procedure in patients in whom placement of a line in a peripheral vein is impossible. A central line may be the only means of venous access in such cases.