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Bone marrow biopsy
Category: Biopsies, Lab & Pathology Tests · All biopsies, lab & pathology tests
What it is
A bone marrow biopsy samples the marrow — usually from the back of the pelvis — in two parts: aspiration (liquid marrow drawn out) and trephine (a small core of bone and marrow). The samples reveal how blood cells are being made and whether abnormal cells are present.
Why it is done
It investigates unexplained anaemia, low or high blood counts, suspected leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma and other marrow disorders, and stages some cancers. Flow cytometry, cytogenetics and molecular tests are run on the samples.
How to prepare
You will have recent blood counts; tell the team about blood thinners, allergies and previous difficulty (some people need sedation). No fasting unless sedation is arranged. A blood sample is taken at the same visit for paired tests.
What happens during the procedure
You lie on your side or front. The skin and the bone surface are numbed thoroughly with local anaesthetic. The aspiration needle draws marrow — a strong pulling/drawing sensation for a few seconds that cannot be fully numbed. The trephine core is then taken with a gentle rocking motion and pressure. The procedure takes about 15 to 25 minutes.
Afterwards — recovery & results
A dressing covers the site and you are observed briefly; most people go home the same day and can drive unless sedated. The site aches for a few days — simple painkillers help. Keep the dressing dry for a day or two. Results come in stages over one to three weeks (some genetic tests longer).
Risks & considerations
Risks include bleeding (mainly with low platelets or blood thinners — pressure is applied and counts checked), infection (rare), and persistent soreness. Serious complications are rare. The aspiration draw sensation is brief; tell the team if anxiety is high — sedation can be arranged for future procedures.
Watch: Bone marrow biopsy videos
Real procedure videos from the MedicalVideos.com library. Some clinical footage is graphic — that is the nature of a medical video library.
Related guides on MedicalVideos.com
Frequently asked questions
Why can't a blood test do this?
Blood tests show the product; marrow examination shows the factory — production rates, abnormal cell populations and genetic changes that define blood diseases.
Does it damage the bone?
The core removed is small and the hole fills in over time; no lasting weakness results.
Related procedures — Biopsies, Lab & Pathology Tests
Browse the B section of the A–Z list or return to the Procedures & Tests hub.