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Barium enema
Category: Digestive Tests & Procedures · All digestive tests & procedures
What it is
A barium enema is an X-ray examination of the large bowel in which barium liquid is passed into the bowel through a small tube in the back passage, coating the lining so its shape and any abnormalities show on X-rays. CT colonography has replaced it in many centres.
Why it is done
It may be used to investigate a change in bowel habit, bleeding or abdominal symptoms when colonoscopy is not suitable or was incomplete.
How to prepare
The bowel must be empty, so you will have a low-residue diet and laxatives beforehand, similar to colonoscopy preparation. Tell the team about allergies and if you might be pregnant.
What happens during the procedure
You lie on the X-ray table while barium and usually air are introduced through the tube, and the table tilts as pictures are taken from several angles. It can feel uncomfortable and urgent, and takes about 20 to 40 minutes.
Afterwards — recovery & results
You can use the toilet immediately afterwards to expel the barium. Stools may be pale for a few days and constipation can occur, so drink plenty. The report goes to your doctor.
Risks & considerations
There is a small radiation dose and a rare risk of the bowel being perforated, which is why recent biopsies or severe bowel inflammation may make the test unsuitable. The team screens for this beforehand.
Watch: Barium enema videos
Real procedure videos from the MedicalVideos.com library. Some clinical footage is graphic — that is the nature of a medical video library.
Related guides on MedicalVideos.com
Frequently asked questions
Why air as well as barium?
Air distends the bowel so the barium coating outlines the lining in detail — this 'double contrast' shows smaller abnormalities.
Is it painful?
Most people describe cramping and a strong urge to open the bowels during the test. It eases once the barium is expelled.
Related procedures — Digestive Tests & Procedures
Browse the B section of the A–Z list or return to the Procedures & Tests hub.